If you already have a bootable CD or USB Stick with our Labtix installation environment and Laboo Images for cloning, you can skip this chapter.

Thanks to the Labtix tool (LiveCD), all pre-installed learning content in labdoo systems can be "cloned" quickly and easily to new computers using the so-called images.
These images are available in 4 languages (English, Spanish, German, French). So you can select the language in the target country of the IT donation depending on the language and manually upload further learning contents in further languages.

You need two things for that:
Labtix bootable media: this can be a CD or USB stick, that you use to boot the Laptop you want to have restored, into the Labtix einvironment.
External USB hard drive: to store the cloning images and other learning content from our FTP server (Labdoo also provides an already prepared USB Drive to the volunteers, please contact your local Hub).

Labtix: The Labdoo installation environment

To be able to install older and newer computers with a license-free tool, Labdoo.org has a small solution (live-image) based on the Linux-Version Antix which we have called Labtix (a combination of Labdoo and Antix).

In Labtix you will find everything you need to delete old data on a donated computer or laptop, for fast and automated installation proceses in order to obtain a ready-to-ship computer. Additionally, Labtix provides many tools to diagnose hardware, to analyze and solve problems (CPU/processor, temprerature problems, damaged hard drives, etc.)

You can download the iso file for Labtix from our FTP server
here (MD5SUM).

Once you have downloaded the file, you can create a boot media (CD or USB) from the iso file, which you will use to start and prepare (Sanitation process) donated computers

Creating a bootable USB or CD/DVD from the Labtix ISO

The next thing to do is to convert the ISO file into a bootable CD or USB bootstick (simple copying is not enough!). This often works with file managers of your favorite operating system or with additional tools. For further questions consult the web (search for "cd / USB stick create ISO" and your operating system).

A blank 750 MB CD is sufficient for one CD (DVD is not necessary), USB sticks go from 1 GB (but usually 4 GB is the smallest size you can get). Note for technicians: Labtix has a persistence mode, with which you can save your desired configuration. However, this takes up more space, therefore 4 GB or more is better.

WINDOWS:
- Download and run a program for creating bootable media. For example, Rufus: https://github.com/pbatard/rufus/releases/download/v3.4/rufus-3.4p.exe (link is external) or another alternative https://alternativeto.net/software/rufus/
(link is external)
- Run Rufus, select the USB device, click on the "Select" button and select the labtix.iso file, then click on ''Start''.

LINUX:
you will find many useful tools for Linux in the following link: https://wiki.ubuntuusers.de/Brennprogramme/
(link is external)

But the easiest and fastest way is using dd. Once you know the device path to your USB key (in the example /dev/sdb) run:
dd if=Labtix.iso of=/dev/sdb bs=1M; sync
(see details explained under: https://antixlinux.com/forum-archive/writing-antix-iso-image-on-usb-flas...)

MAC OS:
You can use the following procedure: [https://osxdaily.com/2015/06/05/copy-iso-to-usb-drive-mac-os-x-command ]
(Here we refer to Internet and search engines).

Labdoo-Cloning images method and additional content

For the Fast Restoration method, you need to clone the Labdoo Images. For cloning, you have to download the images first. Images are copies of a complete, pre-installed system (of already sanitized laptops). Linux has a great feature that other operating systems don't have. You can transfer a system from computer A to computer B - and it runs!

You will find these images online in our Labdoo FTP server http://ftp.labdoo.org/download/install-disk/.
You can also download these images from the web browser by selecting the image you want to download, right-click on it, and then select "save link as".

This does not work for folders or for many files! These have to be downloaded individually and of course, this is a lot of work.
Simple methods for downloading multiple files for all common operating systems can be found at https://www.labdoo.org/de/content/zugang-zum-ftp-server

Images are large and the download takes a long time, so If you are familiar with FTP clients, we recommend downloading them directly via FTP (sftp, userlabdoo and password labdoo).

Labdoo Images for Cloning

When deciding what image is best for you, you should consider the following aspects:

• The CPU/processor architecture of the computer you are currently working on (32 bit or 64 bit). You can easily figure this out with the Labtix environment. It will be displayed in the upper right corner of your desktop (see also the video above).
• The target language you want to install.
• The size of the hard disk in the computer to be refurbished. This size is displayed e.g. in the BIOS or after booting Labtix.

The name of an image on the FTP server shows:

• There are 4 directories for the 4 available languages:
  • English (EN): http://ftp.labdoo.org/download/install-disk/EN_English_images/ : includes versions for 80, 160 and 250 GB Hard drives.
  • German (DE): http://ftp.labdoo.org/download/install-disk/DE_German_images/ : requires a minimum of 80 GB HardDrive.
  • Spanish (ES): http://ftp.labdoo.org/download/install-disk/ES_Spanish_images/ : requires a minimum of 80 GB HardDrive.
  • French (FR): http://ftp.labdoo.org/download/install-disk/FR_French_images/ :(requires a minimum of 80 GB HardDrive)
• PAE32 = for 32 Bit-CPUs ; PAE64 = for 64 Bit-CPUs
• Other 18.04 images Different sizes for 32 BIT-CUPs and 64 Bit-CPUs: http://ftp.labdoo.org/download/archive/18_04_archive/
• xx_04_LTS = version of Lubuntu it is based on, either 16.04 LTS (kept for legacy), or 18.04 LTS (to be used from 2018 on).

imagesThe French and Spanish images occupy 80 GB because they already have the learning content in these languages (Wikis, OER Open Educational ressources,...). The German image is additionally played with German courses, dictionaries in many refugee languages etc..

The English images of 80 Gbs as well, but the larger images (160,250 Gbd) include even more learning contents

Additional learning content

Additional learning content can be added after the installation process if you are not using the autodeploy.sh method that allows you to add additional content during installation. We will come back to this later...

External USB hard disk preparation (1+ TB)

The downloaded images are already unpacked and ready to use. Copy them to an external hard drive or a local server. The USB disk must be formatted to store large files. For example, FAT32 is not possible because FAT32 can only handle files smaller than 4GB. NTFS is the recommended filesystem for an external hard disk.

The automated installation scripts require to be saved to an external hard disk without a parent directory, as they are stored on the FTP server. For further details please refer to the manual http://ftp.labdoo.org/download/install-disk/labdoo%20autodeploy%20and%20...

This section describes how to use the file manager SpaceFM to clone images with just 2 clicks.

• Double-click to start the file manager SpaceFM.
• Mount the drive on which the images for cloning are located.
• For external USB drives: plug it in, the drive appears with a - in front of it, then click on the entry and the "-" becomes a "+".
• On a server: Plugins→MountShare→Scan and manually enter the IP address of the server, if necessary select Share from the list, User and Passwort→Mount.
• The drive / server is now mounted, i.e. the computer has access to it.
• Open the folder with the images.
• Right click on the folder containing the image to be installed.
• Click on "Labdoo Image Installer" in the displayed functions list.
• In the next window:
• Put a checkmark at "Shred sda" (hard disk will be overwritten 3 times) or remove it (hard disk will not be deleted),
• Optional: enter host ID, if already known (otherwise this can be changed after restart)
• The image is now copied to the internal hard disk sda.
• At the end GParted opens for control to display the finished partition on sda. The whole hard disk should be available. Close GParted. In rare cases the automatic adjustment of the partition does not work. Then it can be adjusted manually.
• The window with the installation's confirmation will appear, confirm with "ok" and close.
• The installation will be confirmed in the terminal, then close with ''Enter''.
• The installation is complete. Labtix can be shut down with "Poweroff" or "Save Poweroff" and the computer can be restarted.

Autodeploy and content installer: the complete terminal based script installation tool

NOTE: The new version (included in Labtix from Septeber 2018) automates the deployment of learning content to multiple languages (not visible in video)

Labtix comes with some useful, pre-installed tools:

SpaceFM. A file manager for the usual file actions and for mounting external devices. It also has plugins to mount shares and burn CDs or DVDs and others. SpaceFM is highly configurable and can be modified with additional plugins. The trashcan is disabled to prevent the accumulation of too much data in persistent mode, but it is addable as a plugin if needed. It should not be removed, because it is part of the desktop's environment!

Conky. A tool for displaying system information on the desktop. The output window is located in the upper right corner. The configuration file is /etc/conky/conky.conf.

Arandr. A tool to configure the screen layout. Very useful if the internal monitor was removed from your device and an external monitor is connected.

ISO-Snapshot. A tool to create an ISO snapshot of the system. The Snapshot saves all changes to the system. While running ISO Snapshot, select the directories that are NOT addable to the snapshot, except the "Desktop" directory that contains the .desktop files. You should move existing snapshots to a directory that you do not want to add to the Snapshot. The Snapshot is saved in /home/snapshot. If you create Snapshot in a non-persistent system (for example, booting from CD-ROM), you should stored it on another device. If there is not enough space to store the snapshot, the storage path can be set to another USB stick. It is possible to install Snapshot on a USB device with UNetbootin or to burn to a CD-ROM or DVD-ROM using SpaceFM's IG-Burn tool plugin.

UNetbootin. A tool to create bootable USB sticks. Start Unetbootin, activate "Diskimage", select the ISO snapshot (should be in /home/snapshot) and select the USB target drive. You should format the USB stick with fat32 and mount it (use SpaceFM for this). After the installation on a thumbdrive, you should use Gparted to check if the boot flag is set correctly!

Networking. Use the command line tool ceni or WICD to set up WLAN. LAN should work by default. Due to the low transfer rate, images should not be installed via WLAN.

Psensor. A tool to control the temperature of CPU, GPU and others.

Gsmartcontrol. A tool for reading the hard disk's S.M.A.R.T. data to check if the hard disk is ok. If you see "red" in the registers, you should use a different hard disk.
Tip: If a Seagate hard disk displays thousands of events for reallocating reallocations in the Attributes tab, the drive is not damaged. These hard disks have different firmware, specifically for Lenovo computers that uses the memory bit for reallocation events for other purposes.

Gparted. A great tool for partitioning disks, repairing file systems and copying partitions.

Using the Keyboard Layout Handler on the right side of the panel you can change the keyboard layout with a left mouse click. To make a permanent change, right click and use the "Keyboard Layout Handler Settings". The topmost keyboard layout in the list will be preset at startup. With a left mouse click you can browse the pre-installed keyboard layouts (German, US English, French, Spanish).

Hardinfo. A tool that gives you extensive information about the hardware and software of the computer.

The battery-plugin in the panel gives you information about the status of the battery when the mouse moves over it. With a right mouse click and "Battery Monitor Settings" you can activate the plug-in, if you haven't already done so.

Firefox-esr is a slimmed down version of Firefox and helps you researching the web. It can also display pdf files. By default, it does not collect cookies and does not store data, to avoid bloating with unnecessary data in persistence modeLabtix.

For more information please use the man pages of the help function in the terminal (eg "man gparted" or type in "psensor --help" and press (Enter)) or use the internet.

Desktop Settings:
The Labtix desktop environment is based on openbox with the additional lxpanel. If you right-click on the desktop, you can select "Desktop Settings" so you can make changes to the desktop. To install new starters on the desktop, copy them from /usr/share/applications on the desktop. To move icons on the desktop, use Shift + Drag. Please note that in some cases SpaceFM will move the items from the folder. In this case please copy them back. The "Add to Desktop" function of the Lxpanel menu does not work with Openbox.
To make changes to Lxpanel, simply click the panel with the right mouse button.
Use the Openbox Configuration Manager to change the design of the windows and other general optimizations.
For Autostart: Copy the .desktop files to /etc/xdg/autostart or edit /etc/xdg/openbox/autostart for necessary commands.

Persistence
Persistence allows you to save changes to a live system like Labtix. An additional file to save all changes of the running system is addable to the USB stick. Enabling persistence on boot will slow down the boot process. Mainly, you sould use Persistence so you can make changes to a live system like Labtix and create a new snapshot to get a new, stable and fast boot live system. You can only installe Persistence on a USB stick. We recommend UNetbootin to install Labtix on a USB stick. USB sticks created with dd cannot be made persistent.

Make a USB stick persistent:
Booting from a Labtix USB stick. In the first boot screen, select the options "F5 -> persist_root" and "F8 -> save" and press "Enter" to boot. Follow the instructions to add persistence to the USB stick. Select "manual" as storage method. Adding the persistence file to the USB stick can take several minutes per GB. So please be patient.
As long as the option under "F5" is set to "persist_root", the USB stick will boot into persistence mode. Sometimes it is useful to boot without persistence. This can be done by setting the option under "F5" to "none".
In Labtix there is a green "Save Poweroff" button on the right side of the panel to save and shut down system changes and a red "Poweroff" button to shut down the computer without saving changes.

[This page explains a solution in case a donated computer can only boot with UEFI or the BIOS is locked (password unknown) and UEFI is set as the boot option. If your computer can boot in legacy mode, you can skip this page].

Back in 2013/2014, there was a technical and legal discussion about SecureBoot and UEFI. The manufacturers argued that only UEFI boot on their computer provides security and therefore must only be used. However, the EU and NGOs went to court and the judges decided that the computer manufacturers had to re-open the BIOS settings so that users could choose whether to use the UEFI boot, the legacy boot (the "old" boot) or both as boot options. Computers that were produced before the "UEFI only" decision and after the old flexibility decision have no problem installing with Labtix and prepared Labdoo images.

However, if the computer was manufactured in the "UEFI only" period in 2013/2014, this may cause problems when installing a Lubuntu-based installation. Our Labdoo images are set up for legacy boot, not for UEFI boot (although Lubuntu could). We have described a solution for these specific UEFI-only machines here.

Another use case is a locked BIOS. A computer has been donated, but a BIOS password has not been removed and is unknown. If the boot option in the BIOS is set to "UEFI / Secure Boot Only" and cannot be switched to "Legacy Boot" because of the password lock, you can run the installation process described below and then use the computer for Labdoo.

If our solution is too difficult for you, please contact Labdoo helpers or hubs in your country / region and ask them for support.

You can use the installation tool Labtix (recommended, supports UEFI-Boot) or Parted Magic. PXE is not possible because you have to select certain options during the installation process and PXE does not allow access to these settings.

The installation sequence is rough:

• First install a small Xubuntu based image via cloning in a partition (Xubuntu is able to UEFI boot); a prepared image is available on FTP server http://ftp.labdoo.org/download/install-disk/special_images/,
• Next ,install in a second partition of one of our Labdoo images with slightly different settings than usual.
• Change the grub boot file.
• After that, the system will boot and a user will not even notice that this is a special "UEFI only" laptop.
• This solution only works for 80 GB disc-drives or bigger.

So here are the steps in details:

1. Download the special UEFI-Boot image, available on our FTP-Server http://ftp.labdoo.org/download/install-disk/special_images/ and copy it to a local USB-drive or any local server.
2. Start Labtix, run the Clonezilla tool (icon on the Labtix desktop) and make the drive with the special UEFI image available - Important: Use "expert mode" and "restoredisk", mark the option -icds . For experts: Or install Xubuntu (I think all other UEFI based * buntu do it too) in UEFI mode on the device.
3. If you use the prepared UEFI image, the size of the partition sda2 is set to 80 GB by default. A Labdoo image for 80 GB fits. If you want to install an image for a 160 GB or 250 GB hard drive, you have to enlarge the partition sda2 with GParted.
4. Shut down the computer and restart it with Labtix.
5. Start Clonezilla to replace sda2(!) of the installed UEFI-Boot image / Xubuntu by replacing "restoreparts" with sda1 of the Labdoo-image you want to install. Make sure you choose the target-partition sda2 when asked and the "-icds"-option in "Clonezilla advanced extra parameters". Make sure the option "-k Do NOT create a partition table..." is checked.
6. After installing sda2, use GParted to maximize sda2. Check if the "boot"- and "esp"-flags are set to sda1. To retrieve the UUID of sda2 right-click on it and select "Information". Mark the UUID and copy it with "Ctrl" + "C" to the clipboard.
7. Edit /EFI/ubuntu/grub.cfg in the EFI-bootpartition ( usually sda1, the small partition with 512MB ) with the editor Geany and replace the given UUID with the UUID of sda2 you copied by GParted. E.g. open SpaceFM -> sda1 -> navigate to /EFI/ubuntu/grub.cfg -> right mouse click -> open > Geany editor -> in line 1 you will see a UUID -> mark and paste the new UUID from the clipboard. Don't forget to save the file before closing Geany editor.
8. Shut down and restart the computer. Now it should start in UEFI mode and users will see the Labdoo login after a short time.

This description is very technical, but it works. If you know a simpler solution, please feel free to contact us.
A special thank you goes to helpers from hub Rhein-Ruhr (Germany) for noticing and solving this specific problem.

Requirements

1. A 4GB or larger USB flash drive to create a bootable image
2. (Optional but recommended) Another 4+GB USB drive or external HD to store the files that you will download later
3. At least 40GB free on the Mac HD

Downloading Files
Download the following files from labdoo@ftp.labdoo.org:/var/www/download/macOS-ubuntu:

• refind-bin-0.12.0
• ubuntu-mate-20.04-desktop-amd64.iso
• unetbootin-mac-681.dmg

It is strongly recommended that you install and use a download manager software (e.g. FileZilla) to download the files since the iso file is huge, and the download manager can resume the download just in case you lost the connection. Save the files to a USB drive or external HD. Below is a screenshot using FileZilla:

Create Bootable USB
Do the following on a working Mac. Otherwise, complete “The Mac Side” section and come back here.

1. Insert a blank USB
2. Double click on the file unetbootin-mac-681.dmg that you downloaded earlier



3. Right-click and select Open
   
4. Click the Open button
   
5. Enter the password if prompted. The UnetBootin application will open. Select “Disk Image” option and the Ubuntu ISO file you downloaded earlier
   
6. Click OK. UnetBootin will extract and copy a bunch of files to the USB drive.
7. When it’s done, eject the USB drive by clicking on the Eject icon:
   

The USB drive now can be used to boot any Mac.

If MacOS is missing
You will need to have Wifi and internet access to reinstall macOS.

1. Booting the laptop.
2. If it prompts you to install a new OS, simply connect to your WiFi and follow the screen
3. Otherwise, reboot the laptop, holding both the Command and R keys until you see the Apple logo. Then select “Reinstall macOS” from the menu

If MacOS is present
If you know the password of the admin user, congratulations!. Otherwise, follow these steps to reset the password:

1. Reboot the laptop, hold the Command + R keys until the Apple logo appears.
2. Select Utilities -> Terminal to launch a terminal.
3. Type resetpassword (yes, one word) at the terminal. Follow the screen to reset the password for each existing account.
4. Restart and log in using the new password

“Labdooing” the Mac
Create Labdoo Accounts
You will use the existing admin account to create two new accounts: “student” and “labdoo” and then remove all non-labdoo accounts.

1. Log in as the current admin account
2. Select “System Preferences” -> “Users & Groups”
3. Click the lock icon to unlock. Type password when prompted
4. Click ‘+’ to add a new account. A new account form will pop up
5. Create “labdoo” account - fill in the form with the following values:
1. New Account: Administrator
2. Full Name: labdoo
3. Account Name: labdoo
4. Password: labdooadmin
5. Verify: repeat the password
6. Password hint: can leave blank
6. Create “student” account - fill in the form with the following values:
1. New Account: Standard
2. Full Name: student
3. Account Name: student
4. Password: labdoo
5. Verify: repeat the password
6. Password hint: can leave blank

Delete Non-labdoo Accounts

1. Log in as “labdoo”
2. Select “System Preferences” -> “Users & Groups”
3. Click the lock icon to unlock. Type password when prompted
4. Select a non-labdoo account, click the ‘-’ to remove the account
5. Select “delete user directory” option. Confirm deletion when prompted
6. Repeat step 4 and 5 for all remaining non-labdoo accounts

Change the Computer Name:
We will change the computer name to the labdoo Tag ID:

1. Generate a tag ID for this computer if it doesn’t have one yet
2. Click “System Preference” -> “Sharing”
3. Change the computer name to labdoo-000xxxxxx, where xxxxxx is the tag ID.

Create a Partition for Ubuntu

1. Run Disk Utility: Select Go -> Utilities -> Disk Utility
   
2. Disk Utility screen
   
3. Click “Partition”. A dialog box will pop up. Click Partition again
   
4. Click the ‘+’ sign. A new partition will be added. We now have 2 partitions, each occupies 50% of the disk space. Name the new partition “UBUNTU” and set its format to MS-DOS(FAT).
   
5. Click Apply
   
6. Click Partition
   
7. Click Continue. The process may take a while.

We are now ready to install Ubuntu on the new partition. But there is one task left: to install a boot manager.

Install rEFInd Boot Manager
Disable SIP (System Integrity Protection)
SIP protects critical areas on the disk from being altered, and rEFInd needs to write to one of those areas. Thus, we need to disable SIP before installing rEFInd

1. Check to see if SIP is enabled or disabled. Open a Terminal and type “csrutil status”
   

If it says “enabled” like in the capture above, follow the steps below to disable it

2. Reboot and hold the Command + R key until you see the Apple logo. It will boot into Recovery mode.
3. Select “Utilities” -> “Terminal”
4. At the terminal, type csrutil disable
5. Reboot and log back in as labdoo

Installing rEFInd

1. Open a Terminal
2. Open the folder where you downloaded the files earlier
3. Arrange the Terminal window and the folder window so you can see both at the same time:
   
4. Drag and drop the “refind-install” file into the Terminal folder
5. In the Terminal window, hit Enter or Return key to execute the command. Enter the password when prompted
   

We are now ready to install Ubuntu.

1. Insert the bootable USB drive that you created earlier
2. Reboot. The rEFInd boot menu will show
3. Select EFI\BOOT\grubx64.rfi from {your USB drive name} and hit Enter
4. Select “Try Ubuntu MATE without installing”
5. After a few minutes or so, you should see the Ubuntu desktop
6. Click on Install Ubuntu MATE 20.04LTS
7. Follow the screens to complete the installation. IMPORTANT:
1. Under the “Updates and other software” screen, make sure you select “Install third-party software for graphics and WiFi hardware and additional media formats”. Click Continue. Then connect to your WiFi network when prompted.
   
2. Under the “Installation Type” select “Something else” option
   
3. Select the partition with format fat32 which we created earlier using Disk Utility
   
4. Double-click the highlighted entry. A dialog box will pop up. Select:
   Ext4 journaling file system
   Check “Format the partition”
   Mount point: /
   
8. Click OK
   
9. Click “Install Now” and follow the screens to complete the installation. At the “Who are you” screen, create the labdoo account and use the tagID for the hostname:
   
10. When the installation completes, click restart to reboot the system. Hold the Option key while the system reboots until you see the original boot menu

    IMPORTANT NOTE:
    The installation of Ubuntu overwrites the EFI boot area that we created earlier in the “Installing rEFInd” section. But without the EFI boot area, the Ubuntu installation would fail for some reason that I haven’t figured out. Thus, we’ll have to install rEFInd again.

11. Select booting from macOS partition and hit Enter key
12. Repeat the steps in the Installing rEFInd section again

Enable SIP

1. Reboot into recovery mode: hold Command + R key while rebooting until the Apple logo appears
2. Select Utilities->Terminal to open a terminal
3. Type “csrutil enable” and hit Enter key
4. Reboot